Past Subjunctive in Italian (Congiuntivo Passato)?

What is the Past Subjunctive (Congiuntivo Passato)?

The Congiuntivo Passato is one of the four tenses of the Italian subjunctive mood (congiuntivo). It is used to express opinions, emotions, hopes, or doubts about actions that have already occurred in the past.

How to Form the Past Subjunctive

The Congiuntivo Passato is formed by combining:

The present subjunctive of “avere” or “essere” + the past participle of the main verb

Examples:

  • che io abbia parlato (that I spoke / have spoken)
  • che tu sia arrivato/a (that you arrived / have arrived)

Reminder:

  • Use avere for most verbs.
  • Use essere for verbs of movement or change of state (andarepartirenascerediventare, etc.). When using essere, ensure that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.

Conjugation Chart

When to Use the Past Subjunctive

Use the Congiuntivo Passato when:

  • The main verb is in the present tense.
  • The main verb is one that typically triggers the subjunctive.
  • The action in the subjunctive clause occurred before the action in the main clause.

Examples:

  • Non credo (main verb) che lei abbia capito (subjunctive clause).
    (I don’t think she understood.)
  • Mi dispiace (main verb) che tu sia stato male (subjunctive clause).
    (I’m sorry you were sick.)
  • Spero (main verb) che abbiano finito il lavoro (subjunctive clause).
    (I hope they finished the job.)

Common Verbs That Trigger the Past Subjunctive

  • Credo che…
    → Credo che lei abbia finito il lavoro.
  • Penso che…
    → Penso che tu sia arrivato presto.
  • Dubito che…
    → Dubito che Marco abbia detto tutto.
  • Spero che…
    → Spero che voi abbiate capito la lezione.
  • Mi dispiace che…
    → Mi dispiace che tu sia stato malato.
  • Temo che…
    → Temo che loro siano partiti senza di noi.
  • È possibile che…
    → È possibile che Anna abbia dimenticato l’incontro.
  • Può darsi che… (It may be that…)
    → Può darsi che lui sia uscito prima.
  • Non è certo che…
    → Non è certo che noi abbiamo vinto.

English vs. Italian

If in English you would say something like:

  • I think she has arrived.

  • I’m sorry you were sick.

  • I hope they have finished.

Then in Italian, you likely need to use the Congiuntivo Passato:

  • Penso che lei sia arrivata.

  • Mi dispiace che tu sia stato male.

  • Spero che abbiano finito.

The key is that the main clause is in the present, but the dependent action happened earlier.

Read more about the Italian Subjunctive:

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